A Restricted Quantum Deniable Authentication Protocol Based on GHZ States

Utilizing the property of unitary transformation and Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states, a restricted quantum deniable authentication protocol is proposed. The protocol can provide that the sender can deny the content of the sent message, but cannot deny taking part in a certain communication. Security analysis results show that this protocol can satisfy known key security and the basic security requirements of restricted deniable authentication protocol such as completeness, restricted deniability, no-counterfeiting and can withstand impersonation attack, intercept-resend attack.